Before France arrived, nearly every village had two schools. A French general wrote this down in 1834. By 1962 the literacy rate among Algerians was 10 to 15 percent. Bugeaud...

The Code de l'Indigenat 1881. A law with 41 infractions applied only to Algerians, not to European settlers. Arabic declared foreign in its own country. Religious endowments seized. Schools defunded....

May 8 1945. The day Europe celebrated the end of Nazi Germany. Saal Bouzid, 14 years old, was shot dead by French police in Setif while holding an Algerian flag....

France called it "events." Between 1 and 1.5 million Algerians called it a war. The FLN declared independence on November 1 1954. Two million Algerians were displaced into camps. General...

France detonated 17 nuclear bombs in the Algerian Sahara between 1960 and 1966. Four atmospheric. The last one four years after Algerian independence. 10,000 people directly exposed. 300 soldiers sent...

February 16 2017, Macron told Algerian television colonisation was "a crime against humanity" and France must apologise. January 20 2021, the Elysee stated "no repentance nor apologies" on the day...